And democracy ties into this too. Having the vote is both a badge of equality as well as a weapon to defend your other rights. Without it, you're a second class citizen and it's easier to take away more of your rights.
Without equality, universal rights are neither universal nor rights. They become special privileges instead and the portion of the population that still enjoys them predictably begins shrinking the minute exclusions get instituted. As Thomas Paine explained, “He that would make his own liberty secure must guard even his enemy from oppression: for if he violates this duty, he establishes a precedent that will reach unto himself.” Paine was making a call for solidarity with everyone whose freedom becomes threatened. He called it a duty, but he also framed solidarity as intelligent self-interest.
The smaller the society, the fewer probably will be the distinct parties and interests composing it; the fewer the distinct parties and interests, the more frequently will a majority be found of the same party; and the smaller the number of individuals composing a majority, and the smaller the compass within which they are placed, the more easily will they concert and execute their plans of oppression. Extend the sphere, and you take in a greater variety of parties and interests; you make it less probable that a majority of the whole will have a common motive to invade the rights of other citizens; or if such a common motive exists, it will be more difficult for all who feel it to discover their own strength, and to act in unison with each other.
- Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 54.
Our progress in degeneracy appears to me to be pretty rapid. As a nation, we began by declaring that “all men are created equal.” We now practically read it “all men are created equal, except negroes.” When the Know-Nothings get control, it will read “all men are created equal, except negroes, and foreigners and Catholics.” When it comes to this I should prefer emigrating to some country where they make no pretense of loving liberty – to [Tsarist] Russia, for instance, where despotism can be taken pure, and without the base alloy of hypocrisy. (emphasis original)
- Abraham Lincoln, Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, ed. Roy P. Basler (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1953), 2:323.
Empathy boosts solidarity by adding a potent emotional component. It activates solidarity and sustains it when things get difficult. It steels decency. In short, empathy is both a trigger and an energy source.
So, without further ado, here's my chapter on that: